HEMINGWAY

ERNEST HEMINGWAY - Nobel prize winner in 1954(The old man and the sea),one of the "lost generation " writers (Scott Fitzgerald,Jonh Doss Passos)
FAREWELL TO ARMS - a brilliant story of love and war(WWI)
FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS -WWII
THE SUN ALSO RISES,TO HAVE AND TO HAVE NOT,THE GREEN HILLS OF
AFRICA,A MOVEABLE FEAST,THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA,short stories;
his style is described as"clean,fresh,vigorous,spare and concise"
THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA - the story,based on fact ,is about an old Cuban fisherman who ,after a period of bad luck,ventures far into the Gulfstream and hooks a giant marlin.He fights it for two days and nights before bringing it alongside,and then the sharks,which he fought until he had nothing left to fight with,eat all but the skeleton,which he tows home.This is an impressive hymn of human courage and boldness of spirit.The most famous lines of this Noble prize winner :"But man is not made for defeat.A MAN CAN BE DESTROYED BUT NOT DEFEATED"
FAREWELL TO ARMS - the violence and hypocrisy of war,the beauty of true love and an escape from the horror of war in nature and love.Lieutenant Henry deserts with his nurse lover CATHERINE,they live happily away from the fire of war,but she dies in childbirth.Excerpts from the novel about the war and Henry and Catherine's love:
"How you like this goddam war? - Rotten. I say it's rotten.Jesus Christ,it's rotten"
'They were all mechanics and they hated the war.' We think.We read.We are not peasants.We are mechanics.But even the peasants know better than to believe in a war.Everybody hates this war."
'There is a class that controls a country that is stupid and does not realise anything and never can.That is why we have this war. ' Also they make money out of it.'
' When I saw her I was in love with her.Everything turned over inside of me.'
' There isn't any me.I'm you.Don't make up a separate me.'
'Always isn't a pretty word.'(Catherine) 'We really are the same one and we mustn't misunderstand on purpose.' - We won't." - 'But people do.They love each other and they misunderstand on purpose and they fight and then suddenly they aren't the same one.' - 'We won't fight.' - 'We mustn't. Because there's only us two and in the world there's all the rest of them.If anything comes between us we're gone and then they have us.' - 'They won't get us' ,I said.'Because you are too brave.Nothing ever happens to the brave''They die of course' - 'But only once.'
'I don't know.Who said that?' - 'The coward dies a thousand deaths,the brave but one." - 'Who said it? ' - 'I don't know.'
'He was probably a coward.'she said.'He knew a great deal about cowards but nothing about the brave.The brave dies perhaps two thousand deaths if he's intelligent.He simply doesn't mention them.'

'That night at the hotel,in our room with the long empty hall outside and our shoes outside the door,a thick carpet on the floor of the room,outside the windows the rain falling and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful,then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable,feeling that we had come home,feeling no longer alone,waking in the night to find the other one there ,and not gone away;all other things were unreal.We slept when we were tired and if we woke the other one woke too so one was not alone.Often a man wishes to be alone and a girl wishes to be alone too and if they love each other they are jealous of that in each other,but I can truly say we never felt that.We could feel alone when we were together,alone against the others.It has only happened to me like that once. I have been alone while I was with many girls and that is the way that you can be most lonely.But we were never lonely and never afraid when we were together.I know that the night is not the same as the day:that all things are different,that the things of the night cannot be explained in the day,because they do not then exist,and the night can be a dreadful time for lonely people once their loneliness has started. But with Catherine there was almost no difference in the night except that it was an even better time.If people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them,so of course it kills them.The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places.But those that will not break it kills.It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially.If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry."

"No man is an island entire of itself;every man is a piece of the continent,a part of the main; any man's death diminishes me,because I am involved in mankind;And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls;It tolls for thee." JOHN DONNE - This is put as a motto and gave the title of the novel of Hemingway "For whom the bell tolls"

TO HAVE AND TO HAVE NOT - 'But women have a bad time really.The better you treat a man and the more you show him you love him the quicker he gets tired of you.'
' I suppose we all end up as bitches but whose fault is it? The bitches have the most fun but you have to be awfully stupid really to be a good one.Stupid and well-intentioned and really selfish to be a good one.Probably I'm one already.They say you can't tell and that you always think you are not .

Wuthering Heights - Plot Overview

In the late winter months of 1801, a man named Lockwood rents a manor house called Thrushcross Grange in the isolated moor country of England. Here, he meets his dour landlord, Heathcliff, a wealthy man who lives in the ancient manor of Wuthering Heights, four miles away from the Grange. In this wild, stormy countryside, Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of Heathcliff and the strange denizens of Wuthering Heights. Nelly consents, and Lockwood writes down his recollections of her tale in his diary; these written recollections form the main part of Wuthering Heights.



Nelly remembers her childhood. As a young girl, she works as a servant at Wuthering Heights for the owner of the manor, Mr. Earnshaw, and his family. One day, Mr. Earnshaw goes to Liverpool and returns home with an orphan boy whom he will raise with his own children. At first, the Earnshaw children—a boy named Hindley and his younger sister Catherine—detest the dark-skinned Heathcliff. But Catherine quickly comes to love him, and the two soon grow inseparable, spending their days playing on the moors. After his wife’s death, Mr. Earnshaw grows to prefer Heathcliff to his own son, and when Hindley continues his cruelty to Heathcliff, Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindley away to college, keeping Heathcliff nearby.

Three years later, Mr. Earnshaw dies, and Hindley inherits Wuthering Heights. He returns with a wife, Frances, and immediately seeks revenge on Heathcliff. Once an orphan, later a pampered and favored son, Heathcliff now finds himself treated as a common laborer, forced to work in the fields. Heathcliff continues his close relationship with Catherine, however. One night they wander to Thrushcross Grange, hoping to tease Edgar and Isabella Linton, the cowardly, snobbish children who live there. Catherine is bitten by a dog and is forced to stay at the Grange to recuperate for five weeks, during which time Mrs. Linton works to make her a proper young lady. By the time Catherine returns, she has become infatuated with Edgar, and her relationship with Heathcliff grows more complicated.

When Frances dies after giving birth to a baby boy named Hareton, Hindley descends into the depths of alcoholism, and behaves even more cruelly and abusively toward Heathcliff. Eventually, Catherine’s desire for social advancement prompts her to become engaged to Edgar Linton, despite her overpowering love for Heathcliff. Heathcliff runs away from Wuthering Heights, staying away for three years, and returning shortly after Catherine and Edgar’s marriage.

When Heathcliff returns, he immediately sets about seeking revenge on all who have wronged him. Having come into a vast and mysterious wealth, he deviously lends money to the drunken Hindley, knowing that Hindley will increase his debts and fall into deeper despondency. When Hindley dies, Heathcliff inherits the manor. He also places himself in line to inherit Thrushcross Grange by marrying Isabella Linton, whom he treats very cruelly. Catherine becomes ill, gives birth to a daughter, and dies. Heathcliff begs her spirit to remain on Earth—she may take whatever form she will, she may haunt him, drive him mad—just as long as she does not leave him alone. Shortly thereafter, Isabella flees to London and gives birth to Heathcliff’s son, named Linton after her family. She keeps the boy with her there.

Thirteen years pass, during which Nelly Dean serves as Catherine’s daughter’s nursemaid at Thrushcross Grange. Young Catherine is beautiful and headstrong like her mother, but her temperament is modified by her father’s gentler influence. Young Catherine grows up at the Grange with no knowledge of Wuthering Heights; one day, however, wandering through the moors, she discovers the manor, meets Hareton, and plays together with him. Soon afterwards, Isabella dies, and Linton comes to live with Heathcliff. Heathcliff treats his sickly, whining son even more cruelly than he treated the boy’s mother.


Three years later, Catherine meets Heathcliff on the moors, and makes a visit to Wuthering Heights to meet Linton. She and Linton begin a secret romance conducted entirely through letters. When Nelly destroys Catherine’s collection of letters, the girl begins sneaking out at night to spend time with her frail young lover, who asks her to come back and nurse him back to health. However, it quickly becomes apparent that Linton is pursuing Catherine only because Heathcliff is forcing him to; Heathcliff hopes that if Catherine marries Linton, his legal claim upon Thrushcross Grange—and his revenge upon Edgar Linton—will be complete. One day, as Edgar Linton grows ill and nears death, Heathcliff lures Nelly and Catherine back to Wuthering Heights, and holds them prisoner until Catherine marries Linton. Soon after the marriage, Edgar dies, and his death is quickly followed by the death of the sickly Linton. Heathcliff now controls both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. He forces Catherine to live at Wuthering Heights and act as a common servant, while he rents Thrushcross Grange to Lockwood.

Nelly’s story ends as she reaches the present. Lockwood, appalled, ends his tenancy at Thrushcross Grange and returns to London. However, six months later, he pays a visit to Nelly, and learns of further developments in the story. Although Catherine originally mocked Hareton’s ignorance and illiteracy (in an act of retribution, Heathcliff ended Hareton’s education after Hindley died), Catherine grows to love Hareton as they live together at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff becomes more and more obsessed with the memory of the elder Catherine, to the extent that he begins speaking to her ghost. Everything he sees reminds him of her. Shortly after a night spent walking on the moors, Heathcliff dies. Hareton and young Catherine inherit Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, and they plan to be married on the next New Year’s Day. After hearing the end of the story, Lockwood goes to visit the graves of Catherine and Heathcliff.

JANE EYRE PLOT OVERVIEW

Jane Eyre is a young orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed, her cruel, wealthy aunt. A servant named Bessie provides Jane with some of the few kindnesses she receives, telling her stories and singing songs to her. One day, as punishment for fighting with her bullying cousin John Reed, Jane’s aunt imprisons Jane in the red-room, the room in which Jane’s Uncle Reed died. While locked in, Jane, believing that she sees her uncle’s ghost, screams and faints. She wakes to find herself in the care of Bessie and the kindly apothecary Mr. Lloyd, who suggests to Mrs. Reed that Jane be sent away to school. To Jane’s delight, Mrs. Reed concurs.


Once at the Lowood School, Jane finds that her life is far from idyllic. The school’s headmaster is Mr. Brocklehurst, a cruel, hypocritical, and abusive man. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of poverty and privation to his students while using the school’s funds to provide a wealthy and opulent lifestyle for his own family. At Lowood, Jane befriends a young girl named Helen Burns, whose strong, martyrlike attitude toward the school’s miseries is both helpful and displeasing to Jane. A massive typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, and Helen dies of consumption. The epidemic also results in the departure of Mr. Brocklehurst by attracting attention to the insalubrious conditions at Lowood. After a group of more sympathetic gentlemen takes Brocklehurst’s place, Jane’s life improves dramatically. She spends eight more years at Lowood, six as a student and two as a teacher.



After teaching for two years, Jane yearns for new experiences. She accepts a governess position at a manor called Thornfield, where she teaches a lively French girl named Adèle. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides over the estate. Jane’s employer at Thornfield is a dark, impassioned man named Rochester, with whom Jane finds herself falling secretly in love. She saves Rochester from a fire one night, which he claims was started by a drunken servant named Grace Poole. But because Grace Poole continues to work at Thornfield, Jane concludes that she has not been told the entire story. Jane sinks into despondency when Rochester brings home a beautiful but vicious woman named Blanche Ingram. Jane expects Rochester to propose to Blanche. But Rochester instead proposes to Jane, who accepts almost disbelievingly.



The wedding day arrives, and as Jane and Mr. Rochester prepare to exchange their vows, the voice of Mr. Mason cries out that Rochester already has a wife. Mason introduces himself as the brother of that wife—a woman named Bertha. Mr. Mason testifies that Bertha, whom Rochester married when he was a young man in Jamaica, is still alive. Rochester does not deny Mason’s claims, but he explains that Bertha has gone mad. He takes the wedding party back to Thornfield, where they witness the insane Bertha Mason scurrying around on all fours and growling like an animal. Rochester keeps Bertha hidden on the third story of Thornfield and pays Grace Poole to keep his wife under control. Bertha was the real cause of the mysterious fire earlier in the story. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield.


Penniless and hungry, Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and beg for food. At last, three siblings who live in a manor alternatively called Marsh End and Moor House take her in. Their names are Mary, Diana, and St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”) Rivers, and Jane quickly becomes friends with them. St. John is a clergyman, and he finds Jane a job teaching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her one day by declaring that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her a large fortune: 20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news, he shocks her further by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle: Jane and the Riverses are cousins. Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally with her three newfound relatives.


St. John decides to travel to India as a missionary, and he urges Jane to accompany him—as his wife. Jane agrees to go to India but refuses to marry her cousin because she does not love him. St. John pressures her to reconsider, and she nearly gives in. However, she realizes that she cannot abandon forever the man she truly loves when one night she hears Rochester’s voice calling her name over the moors. Jane immediately hurries back to Thornfield and finds that it has been burned to the ground by Bertha Mason, who lost her life in the fire. Rochester saved the servants but lost his eyesight and one of his hands. Jane travels on to Rochester’s new residence, Ferndean, where he lives with two servants named John and Mary.

At Ferndean, Rochester and Jane rebuild their relationship and soon marry. At the end of her story, Jane writes that she has been married for ten blissful years and that she and Rochester enjoy perfect equality in their life together. She says that after two years of blindness, Rochester regained sight in one eye and was able to behold their first son at his birth.

source: sparknotes

QUESTIONS FOR TEST ON PURITANISM

The Puritan Movement in England - historical background;
Puritanism in America: Calvin's Doctrine,
the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason;
American Enlightenment- Am. Enlighteners;
The Restoration period;
the Commonwealth. Cromwell;
Historical and Social Background of the War of Independence;
Problems the War of Independence solved;
Liberal humanism, the Aspects of the American National Ideology;
The Doctrine of Natural Man;
Puritanism in America – the Symbol of America;
The Stuart idea of the divine rights of kings, periods;
Literature of the Puritan and Restoration period, authors;
Jonathan Swift – about him, books;
James I; Charles I

LITERARY TERMS: satire, parody, bathos, political pamphlet /pamphleteering/

Summaries of chapters from Gulliver's Travels

Summmary of 'Diversions'

There are two types of diversions. They are performed by people who want to get a higher position in court. The first one is dancing on a rope which is one meter above the ground. The candidates have to jump and do summersaults without falling on the ground, which may cause physical injuries. The second one is crawling under a stick (which is held by the Emperor and the Prime minister) or jumping over it in order to get one of the three fine silken threads which are in fact rewards of the competion.

Swift's attitude to war:

Swift describes the reasons for the war between Liliput and Blefuscu – it is because of the way of breaking eggs before eating them. In one of the empires the eggs are broken upon the larger end, in the other empire – they are broken upon the smaller end. By doing this Swift shows how senseless war is. Liliput and Blefusku stand for England and France and the many sensless wars they waged. He also satirises the religious fights and differences which seem pointless to him.

How Swift describes England: /book 2 Ch.6/

In England virtues are perverted into cruelty, idleness, rage, hatred, envy , lust , malice etc. This is the reason why there are so many conspiracies, rebellions, murders, banishments and corruption. The legislators in the country are general symbols of ignorance, idleness, and vice.

Gulliver's Travels

Gulliver in Liliput

QUESTIONS FOR THE LITERATURE TEST

1.Novel - you have it in the blog - what is a novel; favourable conditions; literary influences; ancestry of the novel, hist.background - progress and inventions;
2.Victorian period: only Reforms and Progress in industry, science;
3.American literature, review
4.Aestheticism, Modernism, Decadance, Stream of Consciousness - общи характеристики, накратко
5.Authors: Books and a sentence or two for major themes or characteristics:
- Dickens, Thackerey; Oscar Wilde; Virginia Woolf; James Joyce; D.H.Lawrence; T.S.Eliot; W.B.Yeats;
Americans: W.Irving; Fenimore Cooper; Edgar Alan Poe; Hawthorne; Melville; Mark Twain; Fitzgerald

OSCAR WILDE QUOTES

OSCAR WILDE QUOTES: ( мой скромен опит за превод на трудно-преводимия Оскар Уайлд/

A man can be happy with any woman, as long as he does not love her.
Един мъж може да бъде щастлив с всяка жена. При условие, че не я обича.

I see when men love women. They give them but a little of their lives. But women when they love give everything.
Когато мъжът обича жената, той й дава съвсем малко от живота си. Докато жената, когато обича, дава всичко.

A true friend stabs you in the front.
Истинският приятел никога няма да ти нанесе удар в гръб.

Illusion is the first of all pleasures.
Илюзията е най-голямото удоволствие.

Life is never fair, and perhaps it is a good thing for most of us that it is not.
Животът никога не е справедлив, и може би за повечето от нас е добре, че не е.

Life is too important to be taken seriously.
Животът е прекомерно важен, за да се взема на сериозно.

Men marry because they are tired; women, because they are curious; both are disappointed.
Мъжете се женят от скука, жените – от любопитство. И едните, и другите остават разочаровани.

Deceiving others. That is what the world calls a romance.
Да мамиш другите – това светът нарича любов.

Between men and women there is no friendship possible. There is passion, enmity, worship, love, but no friendship.
Между мъжа и жената е невъзможно да има приятелство. Има страст, враждебност, обожание, любов, но не и приятелство.

Every saint has a past and every sinner has a future.
Всеки светец има минало, а всеки грешник – бъдеще.

The truth is rarely pure and never simple.
Истината рядко е чиста, и никога проста.

There are only two kinds of people who are really fascinating - people who know absolutely everything, and people who know absolutely nothing.
Има само два вида хора, които са наистина възхитителни – тези, които знаят абсолютно всичко, и тези, които не знаят абсолютно нищо.

There are only two tragedies in life: one is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it.
Само две трагедии има в живота: едната е да не получиш това, което искаш. Другата – да го получиш.

Women are made to be loved, not understood.
Жените са създадени да бъдат обичани, а не разбирани.

Women love us for our defects. If we have enough of them, they will forgive us everything, even our gigantic intellects.
Жените ни обичат заради нашите недостатъци. Ако имаме достатъчно, те са готови да ни простят всичко, дори и огромният ни интелект.

Do you really think it is weakness that yields to temptation? I tell you that there are terrible temptations which it requires strength, strength and courage to yield to.
Наистина ли считате, че е проява на слабост да се отдадеш на изкушението? Казвам ви, съществуват ужасни изкушения, за които е нужна много сила и кураж, за да им се отдадеш.

The only way to get rid of temptation is to yield to it... I can resist everything but temptation. Единственият начин да се отървеш от изкушението е да му се отдадеш. На всичко мога да устоя освен на изкушението.

Experience is simply the name we give our mistakes.
Опитът е просто името, с което наричаме грешките си.

There is only one thing in life worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.
Едно само нещо в този живот е по-лошо от това да говорят за теб. И то е – да не говорят.

Men always want to be a woman's first love - women like to be a man's last romance.
Мъжът винаги иска да бъде първата любов на жената. Жената – последната.


It is absurd to divide people into good and bad. People are either charming or tedious.
Нелепо е да се разделят хората на добри и лоши. Те са или очарователни, или скучни.

I am not young enough to know everything.
Не съм достатъчно млад, за да знам всичко.

All women become like their mothers. That is their tragedy. No man does. That's his.
Всички жени заприличват на майките си и това е тяхната трагедия. А мъжете не – и в това е тяхната трагедия.

At 46 one must be a miser; only have time for essentials.
На 46 човек трябва да е скъперник, защото има време само за най-важните неща.

To love oneself is the beginning of a lifelong romance.
Да обичаш себе си е началото на една любов за цял живот.

Seriousness is the only refuge of the shallow.
Сериозността е единственото убежище на повърхностните.

There is no sin except stupidity.
Няма по-голям грях от глупостта.

The old believe everything, the middle-aged suspect everything, the young know everything.
Старият вярва на всичко, човекът на средна възраст се съмнява във всичко, младият знае всичко.

Selfishness is not living as one wishes to live, it is asking others to live as one wishes to live.
Егоизмът не означава да живееш така, както искаш. Егоизъм е да искаш от другите да живеят както ти искаш.

Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught.
Образованието е нещо прекрасно, но добре е от време на време да се сещаме, че нищо, което си струва да се знае, не може да бъде преподадено.

I sometimes think that God in creating man somewhat overestimated his ability.
Понякога си мисля, че Бог, създавайки човека, малко си е надценил способностите.

Hatred is blind, as well as love.
Омразата, както и любовта, е сляпа.

I am so clever that sometimes I don't understand a single word of what I am saying.
Толкова съм умен, че понякога не разбирам и дума от това, което казвам.

I am the only person in the world I should like to know thoroughly.
Аз съм единственият човек в света, когото искам да опозная напълно.

I choose my friends for their good looks, my acquaintances for their good characters, and my enemies for their intellects. A man cannot be too careful in the choice of his enemies.
Приятелите си подбирам според добрия им външен вид, познатите си – според добрия им характер, а враговете си – според интелекта им. Човек не може да си позволи да бъде небрежен при избора си на врагове.

If one cannot enjoy reading a book over and over again, there is no use in reading it at all.
Ако не можеш да прочетеш една книга многократно, то няма смисъл въобще да се чете.

Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else's opinions, their lives a mimicry, their passions a quotation.
Повечето хора са някои други. Техните мисли са мненията на някой друг, животът им – мимикрия. Страстите им – един цитат.

Whenever people agree with me I always feel I must be wrong.
Винаги, когато се съгласяват с мен, чувствам, че греша.

Who, being loved, is poor?
Има ли човек, който да е обичан, и да е беден?

Women are never disarmed by compliments. Men always are. That is the difference between the sexes.
Не можеш никога да обезоръжиш жените с комплименти. А мъжете – винаги. Това е разликата между двата пола.

A little sincerity is a dangerous thing, and a great deal of it is absolutely fatal.
Малко искреност е опасно нещо. Голямата искреност е абсолютно фатална.

Why was I born with such contemporaries?
И защо съм се родил сред такива съвременници?

Only the shallow know themselves.
Само повърхностните познават себе си.


Questions are never indiscreet, answers sometimes are.
Въпросите никога не са недискретни, а отговорите понякога са.


To expect the unexpected shows a thoroughly modern intellect.
Да очакваш неочакваното – това показва един напълно модерен интелект.

Laughter is not at all a bad beginning for a friendship, and it is far the best ending for one.
Смехът съвсем не е лошо начало за едно приятелство, и определено е най-доброто нещо за края му.

We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.
Ние всички сме в калта, но някои гледат към звездите.

When a man has once loved a woman he will do anything for her except continue to love her.
Когато един мъж е обичал някога една жена той би направил всичко за нея. Освен едно - да продължи да я обича.

One should always be in love. That is the reason one should never marry.
Човек винаги трябва да бъде влюбен. Това е причината, поради която човек въобще не трябва да се жени.

The world is a stage, but the play is badly cast.
Светът е сцена, но пиесата е режисирана лошо.

When the gods wish to punish us they answer our prayers.
Когато боговете искат да ни накажат, те изпълняват молитвите ни.

From BALLAD OF THE READING GAOL - translation by Asen Todorov (I think)
Но, чуйте, всеки е убивал
любимата жена —
един с отровно нежен поглед,
друг с думичка една,
страхливецът с целувка кротка,
а смелият — с кама.


Убиват, докато са млади,
убиват в старостта,
едни със златото погубват,
а други с похотта,
добрите само с нож си служат,
че бърза е смъртта.


Обичал дълго или кратко,
взел много или дал,
убил и лекичко въздъхнал
или сълзи пролял —
убива всеки туй, що люби,
не всеки е за жал.

Лежи в тъмницата край Рединг
един злочест човек,
със зъби ръфа го саванът,
макар и твърде лек,
лежи под огнена завивка,
без име, без ковчег.


И ще лежи, догдето Господ
го призове оттам,
излишни са случайни сълзи,
въздишките от срам —
убил е своята любима,
затуй умрял е сам.


Но, чуйте, всеки е убивал
любимата жена,
един с отровно нежен поглед,
друг — с думичка една,
страхливецът с целувка кротка,
а смелият — с кама.

FROM 'BALLAD OF THE READING GAOL'

Yet each man kills the thing he loves  Но, чуйте, всеки убива това, което обича,
By each let this be heard, 
Some do it with a bitter look,  Едни го правят с остър поглед,
Some with a flattering word,  други – със ласкателства,
The coward does it with a kiss,  Страхливецът убива със целувка,
The brave man with a sword! а смелият - със меч!

Some kill their love when they are young,  Едни убиват любовта си, докато са млади
And some when they are old;  Други – в старостта.
Some strangle with the hands of Lust,  Едни я задушават в похот,
Some with the hands of Gold:  а други – със злато.
The kindest use a knife, because  Най-милосърдните използват нож,
The dead so soon grow cold. защото мъртвите изстиват бързо

Some love too little, some too long,  Едни обичат твърде малко, други – твърде дълго
Some sell, and others buy;  Едни продават любовта си, други я
купуват
Some do the deed with many tears,  Едни убиват с много сълзи,
And some without a sigh:  а други – даже без въздишка.
For each man kills the thing he loves,  И всеки убива това, което обича, ,
Yet each man does not die. но не всеки умира заради това.

Truth, indeed, is a thing which is most painful to listen to and most painful to utter. Истината наистина е нещо, което е много болезнено да чуеш, и още по-болезнено да кажеш.

I have said to you to speak the truth is a painful thing. To be forced to tell lies is much worse.
Казвал съм ти, че от истината боли. Но да си принуден да казваш лъжи е много по-лошо.

Great passions are for the great of soul, and great events can be seen only by those who are on a level with them.
Великите страсти са за великите души. Великите събития могат да бъдат видени само от онези, които са съизмерими с тях.


We think we can have our emotions for nothing. We cannot. Even the finest and the most self-sacrificing emotions have to be paid for. Strangely enough, that is what makes them fine.
Мислим си, че можем да имаме чувствата си ей така за нищо. Не, не можем. Дори и за най-изтънчените и саможертвени чувства трябва да се плаща. Странно, може би тъкмо това ги прави изтънчени.

No one can possible shut the doors against love forever. There is no prison in any world into which love cannot force an entrance.
Никой не може да хлопва вратите пред любовта завинаги. Няма затвор в света, в който любовта да не може да проникне.

Do not be afraid of the past. If people tell you that it is irrevocable, do not believe them. The past, the present and the future are but one moment in the sight of God, in whose sight we should try to live.
Не се страхувай от миналото. Ако ти казват, че то е невъзвратимо, не им вярвай. Миналото, настоящето и бъдещето са само един миг пред очите на Бог, и в този миг трябва да се опитаме да живеем.

Things, also, are in their essence what we choose to make them.
Нещата, в своята същност, са такива, каквито ние решим да ги направим


On The Massacre Of The Christians In Bulgaria

by Oscar Wilde

CHRIST, dost thou live indeed? or are thy bones
Still straightened in their rock-hewn sepulcher?
And was thy Rising only dreamed by Her
Whose love of thee for all her sin atones?
For here the air is horrid with men's groans,
The priests who call upon thy name are slain,
Dost thou not hear the bitter wail of pain
From those whose children lie upon the stones?
Come down, O Son of God! incestuous gloom
Curtains the land, and through the starless night
Over thy Cross the Crescent moon I see!
If thou in very truth didst burst the tomb
Come down, O Son of Man! and show thy might,
Lest Mahomet be crowned instead of Thee!

DORIAN GRAY - PLOT OVERVIEW

In the stately London home of his aunt, Lady Brandon, the well-known artist Basil Hallward meets Dorian Gray. Dorian is a cultured, wealthy, and impossibly beautiful young man who immediately captures Basil's artistic imagination. Dorian sits for several portraits, and Basil often depicts him as an ancient Greek hero or a mythological figure. When the novel opens, the artist is completing his first portrait of Dorian as he truly is, but, as he admits to his friend Lord Henry Wotton, the painting disappoints him because it reveals too much of his feeling for his subject. Lord Henry, a famous wit who enjoys scandalizing his friends by celebrating youth, beauty, and the selfish pursuit of pleasure, disagrees, claiming that the portrait is Basil's masterpiece. Dorian arrives at the studio, and Basil reluctantly introduces him to Lord Henry, who he fears will have a damaging influence on the impressionable, young Dorian.

Basil's fears are well founded; before the end of their first conversation, Lord Henry upsets Dorian with a speech about the transient nature of beauty and youth. Worried that these, his most impressive characteristics, are fading day by day, Dorian curses his portrait, which he believes will one day remind him of the beauty he will have lost. In a fit of distress, he pledges his soul if only the painting could bear the burden of age and infamy, allowing him to stay forever young. In an attempt to appease Dorian, Basil gives him the portrait.
 
Over the next few weeks, Lord Henry's influence over Dorian grows stronger. The youth becomes a disciple of the “new Hedonism” and proposes to live a life dedicated to the pursuit of pleasure. He falls in love with Sibyl Vane, a young actress who performs in a theater in London's slums. He adores her acting; she, in turn, refers to him as “Prince Charming” and refuses to heed the warnings of her brother, James Vane, that Dorian is no good for her. Overcome by her emotions for Dorian, Sibyl decides that she can no longer act, wondering how she can pretend to love on the stage now that she has experienced the real thing. Dorian, who loves Sibyl because of her ability to act, cruelly breaks his engagement with her. After doing so, he returns home to notice that his face in Basil's portrait of him has changed: it now sneers. Frightened that his wish for his likeness in the painting to bear the ill effects of his behavior has come true and that his sins will be recorded on the canvas, he resolves to make amends with Sibyl the next day. The following afternoon, however, Lord Henry brings news that Sibyl has killed herself. At Lord Henry's urging, Dorian decides to consider her death a sort of artistic triumph—she personified tragedy—and to put the matter behind him. Meanwhile, Dorian hides his portrait in a remote upper room of his house, where no one other than he can watch its transformation.
 
Lord Henry gives Dorian a book that describes the wicked exploits of a nineteenth-century Frenchman; it becomes Dorian's bible as he sinks ever deeper into a life of sin and corruption. He lives a life devoted to garnering new experiences and sensations with no regard for conventional standards of morality or the consequences of his actions. Eighteen years pass. Dorian's reputation suffers in circles of polite London society, where rumors spread regarding his scandalous exploits. His peers nevertheless continue to accept him because he remains young and beautiful. The figure in the painting, however, grows increasingly wizened and hideous. On a dark, foggy night, Basil Hallward arrives at Dorian's home to confront him about the rumors that plague his reputation. The two argue, and Dorian eventually offers Basil a look at his (Dorian's) soul. He shows Basil the now-hideous portrait, and Hallward, horrified, begs him to repent. Dorian claims it is too late for penance and kills Basil in a fit of rage.
 
In order to dispose of the body, Dorian employs the help of an estranged friend, a doctor, whom he blackmails. The night after the murder, Dorian makes his way to an opium den, where he encounters James Vane, who attempts to avenge Sibyl's death. Dorian escapes to his country estate. While entertaining guests, he notices James Vane peering in through a window, and he becomes wracked by fear and guilt. When a hunting party accidentally shoots and kills Vane, Dorian feels safe again. He resolves to amend his life but cannot muster the courage to confess his crimes, and the painting now reveals his supposed desire to repent for what it is—hypocrisy. In a fury, Dorian picks up the knife he used to stab Basil Hallward and attempts to destroy the painting. There is a crash, and his servants enter to find the portrait, unharmed, showing Dorian Gray as a beautiful young man. On the floor lies the body of their master—an old man, horribly wrinkled and disfigured, with a knife plunged into his heart.
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/doriangray/summary.html

WUTHERING HEIGHTS QUOTES

WUTHERING HEIGHTS - quotes
Heathcliff: “He seemed a sullen, patient child; hardened perhaps to ill-treatment: he would stand Hindley's blows without winking or shedding a tear”

Hindley: “His treatment of the latter (Heathcliff) was enough to make a fiend of a saint.”
“Hindley became tyrannical.He drove him(Heathcliff) from their company to the servants, insisted that he should labour out of doors. Heathcliff bore his deprivation pretty well at first.”
" Heathcliff and I are going to rebel - we took our initiatory step this evening"

When Catherine comes back from the Lintons: “I shall not stand to be laughed at. I shall not bear it.”

“The notion of envying Catherine was incomprehensible to him, but the notion of grieving her he understood clearly enough”.

Catherine to Linton: /when Heathcliff throws a dish of sauce when she comes back from the Lintons): “He was in bad temper, and now you've spoilt your visit; and he will be flogged: I hate him to be flogged.”
After Heathcliff was punished: “I'm trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I don't care how long I'll wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do.”
Hindley, drunk, throws down the stairs his child, Hareton, and Heathcliff saves the child.

"I will be rich and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood,and I shall
be proud of having such a husband"
Catherine: “Here, and here! In whichever place the soul lives. In my soul and in my heart, I'm convinced I am wrong!”
“I've no business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven. And if that wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldn't have thought of it; It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff; so he shall never know how I love him; and that , not because he's handsome, Nelly, but because he's more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.”

“He quite deserted! We separated! - she exclaimed with an accent of indignation - “Who is to separate us, pray! Every Linton on the face of the earth might melt into nothing, before I could consent to forsake Heathcliff......Nelly, you think me a selfish wretch, but did it never strike you that if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars? Whereas, if I marry Linton, , I can aid Heathcliff to rise, and place him out of my brother's power”.

"My great miseries in the world have been Heathcliff's miseries...my great thought in living is himself!If all perished and he remained, I should still continue to be;and if all else remained ,and he were annihilated the universe would turn to a mighty stranger.I should not seem a part of it.My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods :time will change it,I'm aware,as winter changes the trees.My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight,but necessary.Nelly,I am Heathcliff!He is always ,always in my mind not as a pleasure,any more than I am always a pleasure to myself,but as my own being."

Nelly: “One day, I had the misfortune, when she had provoked me exceedingly, to lay the blame of his disappearance on her: where indeed it belonged, as she well knew. From that period, for several months, she ceased to hold any communication with me.”

When Heathcliff returns: “Catherine flew upstairs, breathless and wild, too excited to show gladness: indeed, by her face, you would rather have surmised an awful calamity. “Oh, Edgar, Heathcliff's come back – he is!”
When Catherine tells Edgar to invite Heathcliff into the parlour: “ He looked vexed, and suggested the kitchen as a more suitable place for him. Mrs. Linton eyed him half angry, half laughing at his fastidiousness: No, I cannot sit in the kitchen. Set two tables here, Ellen, one for your master and Miss Isabella, being gentry; the other for Heathcliff and myself, being of the lower orders”.

“He took a seat opposite Catherine, who kept her gaze fixed on him as if she feared he would vanish were she to remove it. He did not raise his to her often: a quick glance now and then sufficed; but I flashed back, each time more confidently, the undisguised delight he drank from hers. They were too much absorbed in their mutual joy to suffer embarassement. Not so Mr. Edgar: he grew pale with pure annoyance”
Catherine: “The event of this evening has reconciled me to God and humanity! I had risen in angry rebellion against Providence. Oh, I have endured very, very bitter misery, Nelly.”

Catherine to Isabella about Heathcliff: “He's not a rough diamond; he's a fierce, pitiless, wolfish man. I never say to him “let this or that enemy alone, because it would be ungenerous or cruel to harm them; I say, “let them alone, because I should hate them to be wronged” and he'd crush you like a sparrow's egg.' he'd be quite capable of marrying your fortune, avarice is growing with him a besetting sin. That's my picture: and I'm his friend.”

“What is it to you?” he growled, “I am not your husband: you needn't be jealous of me!”
“I am not jealous of you: “ replied the mistress, “ I'm jealous for you. But do you like her? Tell the truth, Heathcliff! There , you won't answer. I 'm certain you don't”

Heathcliff: “I seek no revenge on you. The tyrant grinds down his slaves and they don't turn against him; they crush those beneath them. You are welcome to torture me to death to your amusement, only allow me to amuse myself a little in the same style. If I imagined you really wished me to marry Isabel, I'd cut my throat!”
Heathcliff for Edgar: “ But do you imagine that I shall leave Catherine to his duty and humanity and can you compare my feelings respecting Cathering to his? ... I never would have banished him from her society as long as she desired his. The moment her regard ceased, I would have torn his heart out and drank his blood.”

"And that insipid paltry creature attending her from duty and humanity!From pity and charity!He might as well plant an oak in a flower pot ,and expect it to thrive,as imagine he can restore her to vigour in the soil of his shallow cares."

Heathcliff cries when C.is dying:"I cannot live without my life,I cannot live without my soul."
"You teach me now how cruel you've been - cruel and false.Why did you betray your own heart ,Cathy?You deserve this ,you have killed yourself....You loved me - then ,what right had you to leave
me?...What right, answer me, for the poor fancy you felt for Linton? .... I forgive what you have done to me. I love my murderer – but yours? How can I!
.I have not broken your heart - you have broken it,and in breaking it you have broken mine.So much the worse that I am strong....What kind of living will it be when you...Oh,God!Would you like to live with your
soul in the grave?'

“ May she wake in torment! , he cried, with frightful vehemence, stamping his foot and growning in a sudden paroxism of ungovernable passion: “ Why, she's a liar to the end! Where is she? Not there – not in heaven – not perished – where? And I pray one prayer – I repeat it till my tongue stiffens – Catherine Earnshaw, my you not rest as long as I am living! You said I killed you – haunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers, I believe. I know that ghosts have wandered on earth. Be with me always – take any form – drive me mad! Only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God, it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul!”
“He dashed his head against the knotted trunk; and, lifting up his eyes, howled, not like a man, but like a savage beast being goaded to death with knives and spears.”

Heathcliff's revenge - "It is a moral teething,and I grind with greater energy ,in proportion to the increase of pain."
"I want the triumph of seeing my descendant fairly lord of their estates!My child hiring their children to till their father's lands for wages"

Heathcliff: “Do you know that, twenty times a day, I covet Hareton, with all his degradation! I would have loved the lad had he been someone else.” “I know what he suffers now, and he'll never be able to emerge from his coarsness and ignorance. And the best of it is, Hareton is damnabley fond of me”

Young Cathy: “Mr. Heathcliff, you have nobody to love you; and however miserable you make us, we shall still have the revenge of thinking that your cruelty arises from your greater misery. Your are miserable, are you not! Lonely, like the devil, and envious like him! Nobody loves you – nobody will cry for you when you die! I wouldn't be your!”

Heathcliff about Hareton: “But when I look for his father in his face, I find Her every day more! How the devil is he so like? I can hardly bear to see him. “
Cathy: “If you strike me, Hareton will strike you”
Hareton: “He said he wouldn't suffer a word to be uttered in his disparagement: if he were the devil, it didn't signify; he would stand by him;”

Heathcliff when watching Cathy and Hareton: “ It is a poor conclusion, is it not? An absurd termination to my violent exertions.
A change in him "I have lost the faculty of enjoying their destruction and I am too idle to destroy for nothing" And he speaks of Hareton
who "seemed a personification of my youth,not a human being, his startling likeness to Catherine connected him fearfully with her. I am surrounded with her image. The entire world is a dreadful collection of memoranda that she did exist, and that I have lost her! Well, Hareton's aspect was the ghost of my immortal love;of my wild endeavour to hold my right - my degradation,my pride,my happiness and my anguish."
“ I have to remind myself to breathe, almost to remind my heart to beat. I have a single wish, and my whole being and facilities are yearning to attain it. Oh, God, It is a long fight, I wish it were over! “
“ I have not written my will yet; and how to leave my property I cannot determine. I wish I could annihilate it from the face of the earth.”
He speaks of the manner in which he wishes to be buried "It is to be carried to the churchyard in the evening." “ I tell you I have nearly attained my heaven”.

'But poor Hareton, the most wronged, was the only one who really suffered much. He sat by the corpse all night, weeping in bitter earnest. He pressed his hand, and kissed his sarcastic, savage face that every one else shrank from contemplating; and bemoaned him with that strong grief which springs naturally form a generous heart, though it be tough as tempered steel.”

“ We buried him, to the scandal of the whole neighbourhood, as he wished”.

Of Cathy and Hareton: “They are afraid of nothing. Together they would brave Satan and all his legions.”

Virginia Woolf: "That gigantic ambition to say something through the mouths of character which is not merely "I love" ,or "I hate" but "we ,the whole human race" and 'you, the eternal powers".

Jane Eyrе quotes

"Life appears to me too short to be spent in nursing animosity or registering wrongs."

1. I am glad you are no relation of mine. I will never call you aunt again as long as I live. I will never come to visit you when I am grown up; and if any one asks me how I liked you, and how you treated me, I will say the very thought of you makes me sick, and that you treated me with miserable cruelty . . . You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness; but I cannot live so: and you have no pity. I shall remember how you thrust me back . . . into the red-room . . . And that punishment you made me suffer because your wicked boy struck me—knocked me down for nothing. I will tell anybody who asks me questions this exact tale. 'Ere I had finished this reply, my soul began to expand, to exult, with the strangest sense of freedom, of triumph, I ever felt. It seemed as if an invisible bond had burst, and that I had struggled out into unhoped-for liberty. . . .

2. Feeling . . . clamoured wildly. “Oh, comply!” it said. “. . . soothe him; save him; love him; tell him you love him and will be his. Who in the world cares for you? or who will be injured by what you do?” Still indomitable was the reply: “I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself. I will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man. I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane, and not mad—as I am now.

It is in vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied with tranquility: they must have action; and they will make it if they cannot find it. Millions are condemned to a stiller doom than mine, and millions are in silent revolt against their lot. Nobody knows how many rebellions besides political rebellions ferment in the masses of life which people earth. Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.

They are not fit to associate with me. (after her being punished by her aunt)

I must resist those who punish me unjustly. (talking to Helen Burns)
I desired liberty; for liberty I gasped; for liberty I uttered a prayer (before leaving Lowood to go to Thornfield)

I don't think, sir, you have a right to command me, merely because you are older than I, or because you have seen more of the world than I have. (Jane to Rochester)

I grieve to leave Thornfield; I love Thornfield – I love it because I have lived in it a full and delightful life – momentarily at least. I have not been trampled on. I have not been petrified. ...... Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automation – a machine without feelings? ....Do you think because I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! I have as much soul as you – and full as much heart!
I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, or even of mortal flesh – it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal – as we are!

"I am no bird; and no net ensnares me; I am a free human being with an independent will, which now exerts to leave you” (when Rochester proposes her)

I am not an angel, and I will not be one till I die; I will be myself, Mr. Rochester
You shall give me nothing but your regard.

Reader! I forgave him at the moment and on the spot., I forgave him all ; yet not in words, not outwardly; only at my heart's core. (after the wedding)

Rochester: 'Oh, Jane, this is bitter! This – this is wicked. It would not be wicked to love me.” -
Jane: 'It would to obey you” (on parting)

St.John: “Know me to be what I am – a cold, hard man.” “My ambition is unlimited; my desire to rise higher, to do more than others, insatiable. I watch your career with interest because I consider you a specimen of a diligent, orderly, energetic woman: not because I deeply compassionate what you have gone through or what you still suffer”
St.John: “you are formed for labour, not for love.A missionary's wife you must – shall be. You shall be mine; I claim you – not for my pleasure, but for my Sovereign's service”

I sat at the feet of a man erring as I. The veil fell from his hardness and despotism. Having felt in him the presence of these qualities, I felt his imperfection and took courage. I was with an equal – one with whom I might argue – one whom, If I saw good, I might resist.” (of St.John)

“..but as his wife – at his side always, and always restrained, and always checked – forced to keep the fire of my nature continually low, to compel it to burn inwardly and never utter a cry, though the imprisoned flame consumed vital after vital – this would be unendurable” (of St.John)

“I scorn your idea of love, I scorn the counterfeit sentiment you offer; yes, St.John, and I scorn you when you offer it. “

“If I were to marry you, you would kill me. You are killing me now.”

“to be chained for life to a man who regarded one but as a useful tool”

Elizabeth refuses Mr.Collins

I do assure you that I am not one of those young ladies (if such young ladies there are) who are so daring as to risk their happiness on the chance of being asked a second time. I am perfectly serious in my refusal. -- You could not make me happy, and I am convinced that I am the last woman in the world who would make you so,


I thank you again and again for the honour you have done me in your proposals, but to accept them is absolutely impossible. My feelings in every respect forbid it. Can I speak plainer? Do not consider me now as an elegant female intending to plague you, but as a rational creature speaking the truth from her heart.''

CHAPTER 34 - DARCY'S PROPOSAL

Chapter 34
WHEN they were gone, Elizabeth, as if intending to exasperate herself as much as possible against Mr. Darcy, chose for her employment the examination of all the letters which Jane had written to her since her being in Kent. They contained no actual complaint, nor was there any revival of past occurrences, or any communication of present suffering. But in all, and in almost every line of each, there was a want of that cheerfulness which had been used to characterize her style, and which, proceeding from the serenity of a mind at ease with itself, and kindly disposed towards every one, had been scarcely ever clouded. Elizabeth noticed every sentence conveying the idea of uneasiness with an attention which it had hardly received on the first perusal. Mr. Darcy's shameful boast of what misery he had been able to inflict gave her a keener sense of her sister's sufferings. It was some consolation to think that his visit to Rosings was to end on the day after the next, and a still greater that in less than a fortnight she should herself be with Jane again, and enabled to contribute to the recovery of her spirits by all that affection could do.
She could not think of Darcy's leaving Kent without remembering that his cousin was to go with him; but Colonel Fitzwilliam had made it clear that he had no intentions at all, and agreeable as he was, she did not mean to be unhappy about him.

While settling this point, she was suddenly roused by the sound of the door bell, and her spirits were a little fluttered by the idea of its being Colonel Fitzwilliam himself, who had once before called late in the evening, and might now come to enquire particularly after her. But this idea was soon banished, and her spirits were very differently affected, when, to her utter amazement, she saw Mr. Darcy walk into the room. In an hurried manner he immediately began an enquiry after her health, imputing his visit to a wish of hearing that she were better. She answered him with cold civility. He sat down for a few moments, and then getting up, walked about the room. Elizabeth was surprised, but said not a word. After a silence of several minutes, he came towards her in an agitated manner, and thus began,

``In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.''

Elizabeth's astonishment was beyond expression. She stared, coloured, doubted, and was silent. This he considered sufficient encouragement, and the avowal of all that he felt and had long felt for her immediately followed. He spoke well, but there were feelings besides those of the heart to be detailed, and he was not more eloquent on the subject of tenderness than of pride. His sense of her inferiority -- of its being a degradation -- of the family obstacles which judgment had always opposed to inclination, were dwelt on with a warmth which seemed due to the consequence he was wounding, but was very unlikely to recommend his suit.

In spite of her deeply-rooted dislike, she could not be insensible to the compliment of such a man's affection, and though her intentions did not vary for an instant, she was at first sorry for the pain he was to receive; till, roused to resentment by his subsequent language, she lost all compassion in anger. She tried, however, to compose herself to answer him with patience, when he should have done. He concluded with representing to her the strength of that attachment which, in spite of all his endeavours, he had found impossible to conquer; and with expressing his hope that it would now be rewarded by her acceptance of his hand. As he said this, she could easily see that he had no doubt of a favourable answer. He spoke of apprehension and anxiety, but his countenance expressed real security. Such a circumstance could only exasperate farther, and when he ceased, the colour rose into her cheeks, and she said,

``In such cases as this, it is, I believe, the established mode to express a sense of obligation for the sentiments avowed, however unequally they may be returned. It is natural that obligation should be felt, and if I could feel gratitude, I would now thank you. But I cannot -- I have never desired your good opinion, and you have certainly bestowed it most unwillingly. I am sorry to have occasioned pain to any one. It has been most unconsciously done, however, and I hope will be of short duration. The feelings which, you tell me, have long prevented the acknowledgment of your regard, can have little difficulty in overcoming it after this explanation.''

Mr. Darcy, who was leaning against the mantle-piece with his eyes fixed on her face, seemed to catch her words with no less resentment than surprise. His complexion became pale with anger, and the disturbance of his mind was visible in every feature. He was struggling for the appearance of composure, and would not open his lips, till he believed himself to have attained it. The pause was to Elizabeth's feelings dreadful. At length, in a voice of forced calmness, he said,

``And this is all the reply which I am to have the honour of expecting! I might, perhaps, wish to be informed why, with so little endeavour at civility, I am thus rejected. But it is of small importance.''

``I might as well enquire,'' replied she, ``why, with so evident a design of offending and insulting me, you chose to tell me that you liked me against your will, against your reason, and even against your character? Was not this some excuse for incivility, if I was uncivil? But I have other provocations. You know I have. Had not my own feelings decided against you, had they been indifferent, or had they even been favourable, do you think that any consideration would tempt me to accept the man, who has been the means of ruining, perhaps for ever, the happiness of a most beloved sister?''

As she pronounced these words, Mr. Darcy changed colour; but the emotion was short, and he listened without attempting to interrupt her while she continued.

``I have every reason in the world to think ill of you. No motive can excuse the unjust and ungenerous part you acted there. You dare not, you cannot deny that you have been the principal, if not the only means of dividing them from each other, of exposing one to the censure of the world for caprice and instability, the other to its derision for disappointed hopes, and involving them both in misery of the acutest kind.''

She paused, and saw with no slight indignation that he was listening with an air which proved him wholly unmoved by any feeling of remorse. He even looked at her with a smile of affected incredulity.

``Can you deny that you have done it?'' she repeated.

With assumed tranquillity he then replied, ``I have no wish of denying that I did every thing in my power to separate my friend from your sister, or that I rejoice in my success. Towards him I have been kinder than towards myself.''

Elizabeth disdained the appearance of noticing this civil reflection, but its meaning did not escape, nor was it likely to conciliate, her.

``But it is not merely this affair,'' she continued, ``on which my dislike is founded. Long before it had taken place, my opinion of you was decided. Your character was unfolded in the recital which I received many months ago from Mr. Wickham. On this subject, what can you have to say? In what imaginary act of friendship can you here defend yourself? or under what misrepresentation, can you here impose upon others?''

``You take an eager interest in that gentleman's concerns,'' said Darcy in a less tranquil tone, and with a heightened colour.

``Who that knows what his misfortunes have been, can help feeling an interest in him?''

``His misfortunes!'' repeated Darcy contemptuously; ``yes, his misfortunes have been great indeed.''

``And of your infliction,'' cried Elizabeth with energy. ``You have reduced him to his present state of poverty, comparative poverty. You have withheld the advantages, which you must know to have been designed for him. You have deprived the best years of his life, of that independence which was no less his due than his desert. You have done all this! and yet you can treat the mention of his misfortunes with contempt and ridicule.''

``And this,'' cried Darcy, as he walked with quick steps across the room, ``is your opinion of me! This is the estimation in which you hold me! I thank you for explaining it so fully. My faults, according to this calculation, are heavy indeed! But perhaps,'' added he, stopping in his walk, and turning towards her, ``these offences might have been overlooked, had not your pride been hurt by my honest confession of the scruples that had long prevented my forming any serious design. These bitter accusations might have been suppressed, had I with greater policy concealed my struggles, and flattered you into the belief of my being impelled by unqualified, unalloyed inclination -- by reason, by reflection, by every thing. But disguise of every sort is my abhorrence. Nor am I ashamed of the feelings I related. They were natural and just. Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections? To congratulate myself on the hope of relations, whose condition in life is so decidedly beneath my own?''

Elizabeth felt herself growing more angry every moment; yet she tried to the utmost to speak with composure when she said,

``You are mistaken, Mr. Darcy, if you suppose that the mode of your declaration affected me in any other way, than as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentleman-like manner.''

She saw him start at this, but he said nothing, and she continued,

``You could not have made me the offer of your hand in any possible way that would have tempted me to accept it.''

Again his astonishment was obvious; and he looked at her with an expression of mingled incredulity and mortification. She went on.

``From the very beginning, from the first moment I may almost say, of my acquaintance with you, your manners, impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form that ground-work of disapprobation, on which succeeding events have built so immoveable a dislike; and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.''

``You have said quite enough, madam. I perfectly comprehend your feelings, and have now only to be ashamed of what my own have been. Forgive me for having taken up so much of your time, and accept my best wishes for your health and happiness.''

And with these words he hastily left the room, and Elizabeth heard him the next moment open the front door and quit the house.

The tumult of her mind was now painfully great. She knew not how to support herself, and from actual weakness sat down and cried for half an hour. Her astonishment, as she reflected on what had passed, was increased by every review of it. That she should receive an offer of marriage from Mr. Darcy! that he should have been in love with her for so many months! so much in love as to wish to marry her in spite of all the objections which had made him prevent his friend's marrying her sister, and which must appear at least with equal force in his own case, was almost incredible! It was gratifying to have inspired unconsciously so strong an affection. But his pride, his abominable pride, his shameless avowal of what he had done with respect to Jane, his unpardonable assurance in acknowledging, though he could not justify it, and the unfeeling manner in which he had mentioned Mr. Wickham, his cruelty towards whom he had not attempted to deny, soon overcame the pity which the consideration of his attachment had for a moment excited.

She continued in very agitating reflections till the sound of Lady Catherine's carriage made her feel how unequal she was to encounter Charlotte's observation, and hurried her away to her room.

http://www.online-literature.com/austen/prideprejudice/34/

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE - PLOT OVERVIEW

Pride and Prejudice
Jane Austen

Plot Overview

The news that a wealthy young gentleman named Charles Bingley has rented the manor of Netherfield Park causes a great stir in the nearby village of Longbourn, especially in the Bennet household. The Bennets have five unmarried daughters—from oldest to youngest, Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia—and Mrs. Bennet is desperate to see them all married. After Mr. Bennet pays a social visit to Mr. Bingley, the Bennets attend a ball at which Mr. Bingley is present. He is taken with Jane and spends much of the evening dancing with her. His close friend, Mr. Darcy, is less pleased with the evening and haughtily refuses to dance with Elizabeth, which makes everyone view him as arrogant and obnoxious.

At social functions over subsequent weeks, however, Mr. Darcy finds himself increasingly attracted to Elizabeth's charm and intelligence. Jane's friendship with Mr. Bingley also continues to burgeon, and Jane pays a visit to the Bingley mansion. On her journey to the house she is caught in a downpour and catches ill, forcing her to stay at Netherfield for several days. In order to tend to Jane, Elizabeth hikes through muddy fields and arrives with a spattered dress, much to the disdain of the snobbish Miss Bingley, Charles Bingley's sister. Miss Bingley's spite only increases when she notices that Darcy, whom she is pursuing, pays quite a bit of attention to Elizabeth.

When Elizabeth and Jane return home, they find Mr. Collins visiting their household. Mr. Collins is a young clergyman who stands to inherit Mr. Bennet's property, which has been “entailed,” meaning that it can only be passed down to male heirs. Mr. Collins is a pompous fool, though he is quite enthralled by the Bennet girls. Shortly after his arrival, he makes a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. She turns him down, wounding his pride. Meanwhile, the Bennet girls have become friendly with militia officers stationed in a nearby town. Among them is Wickham, a handsome young soldier who is friendly toward Elizabeth and tells her how Darcy cruelly cheated him out of an inheritance.

At the beginning of winter, the Bingleys and Darcy leave Netherfield and return to London, much to Jane's dismay. A further shock arrives with the news that Mr. Collins has become engaged to Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth's best friend and the poor daughter of a local knight. Charlotte explains to Elizabeth that she is getting older and needs the match for financial reasons. Charlotte and Mr. Collins get married and Elizabeth promises to visit them at their new home. As winter progresses, Jane visits the city to see friends (hoping also that she might see Mr. Bingley). However, Miss Bingley visits her and behaves rudely, while Mr. Bingley fails to visit her at all. The marriage prospects for the Bennet girls appear bleak.

That spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte, who now lives near the home of Mr. Collins's patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who is also Darcy's aunt. Darcy calls on Lady Catherine and encounters Elizabeth, whose presence leads him to make a number of visits to the Collins's home, where she is staying. One day, he makes a shocking proposal of marriage, which Elizabeth quickly refuses. She tells Darcy that she considers him arrogant and unpleasant, then scolds him for steering Bingley away from Jane and disinheriting Wickham. Darcy leaves her but shortly thereafter delivers a letter to her. In this letter, he admits that he urged Bingley to distance himself from Jane, but claims he did so only because he thought their romance was not serious. As for Wickham, he informs Elizabeth that the young officer is a liar and that the real cause of their disagreement was Wickham's attempt to elope with his young sister, Georgiana Darcy.

This letter causes Elizabeth to reevaluate her feelings about Darcy. She returns home and acts coldly toward Wickham. The militia is leaving town, which makes the younger, rather man-crazy Bennet girls distraught. Lydia manages to obtain permission from her father to spend the summer with an old colonel in Brighton, where Wickham's regiment will be stationed. With the arrival of June, Elizabeth goes on another journey, this time with the Gardiners, who are relatives of the Bennets. The trip takes her to the North and eventually to the neighborhood of Pemberley, Darcy's estate. She visits Pemberley, after making sure that Darcy is away, and delights in the building and grounds, while hearing from Darcy's servants that he is a wonderful, generous master. Suddenly, Darcy arrives and behaves cordially toward her. Making no mention of his proposal, he entertains the Gardiners and invites Elizabeth to meet his sister.

Shortly thereafter, however, a letter arrives from home, telling Elizabeth that Lydia has eloped with Wickham and that the couple is nowhere to be found, which suggests that they may be living together out of wedlock. Fearful of the disgrace such a situation would bring on her entire family, Elizabeth hastens home. Mr. Gardiner and Mr. Bennet go off to search for Lydia, but Mr. Bennet eventually returns home empty-handed. Just when all hope seems lost, a letter comes from Mr. Gardiner saying that the couple has been found and that Wickham has agreed to marry Lydia in exchange for an annual income. The Bennets are convinced that Mr. Gardiner has paid off Wickham, but Elizabeth learns that the source of the money, and of her family's salvation, was none other than Darcy.

Now married, Wickham and Lydia return to Longbourn briefly, where Mr. Bennet treats them coldly. They then depart for Wickham's new assignment in the North of England. Shortly thereafter, Bingley returns to Netherfield and resumes his courtship of Jane. Darcy goes to stay with him and pays visits to the Bennets but makes no mention of his desire to marry Elizabeth. Bingley, on the other hand, presses his suit and proposes to Jane, to the delight of everyone but Bingley's haughty sister. While the family celebrates, Lady Catherine de Bourgh pays a visit to Longbourn. She corners Elizabeth and says that she has heard that Darcy, her nephew, is planning to marry her. Since she considers a Bennet an unsuitable match for a Darcy, Lady Catherine demands that Elizabeth promise to refuse him. Elizabeth spiritedly refuses, saying she is not engaged to Darcy, but she will not promise anything against her own happiness. A little later, Elizabeth and Darcy go out walking together and he tells her that his feelings have not altered since the spring. She tenderly accepts his proposal, and both Jane and Elizabeth are married.

http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/pride/summary.html

THE RISE OF THE NOVEL

The novel owes its prestige to several factors. Through its variety of themes and characters it appeals to wide interests. Its extended narrative of human life helps the reader to identify himself closely with the characters. Its length, compared with that of the short story or play, is an asset to thorough character portrayal. The novel is easier to read than is the drama, for the novelist assists the reader, with his word pictures of the setting and his acute analyses of the actions and thoughts of his characters. It seldom presents the difficulties of condensation and imagery found in poetry. Through translations it has become a notable link in binding together nations that speak diverse languages. The reader feels that he has actually lived in this unfamiliar land.
The ancestry of the novel: the novel originated in the love of a good story inherent in all peoples.
13th century – the germ of the English novel can be found in the romances of adventure written mainly in verse: Sir Gawain and the Green Night,
14th century – Chaucers’s Canterbury tales bore some resemblance to a novel
15th c. – Malory’s long prose story : Le Morte de Arthur
16th c. – Sir Philip Sidney’s pastoral romances,
17th c.- John Bunyan’s allegory The Pilgrim’s Progress
18th c. – early in the century Addison and Steele in The Spectator gave a fully rounded picture of a fictitious character somewhat as a novel does.
Soon afterwards Defoe, using the autobiographical narrative form in his Robinson Crusoe, created the first great adventure story in English.
Gulliver’s Travels of Swift gave the direct simple narrative of a single voyager, but its fantastic incidents showed no character development, and the purpose was to satirise the weaknesses of his homeland and of mankind.
What is a novel:
We usually think of a novel as a long fictitious prose narrative. According to that definition, several of the books named here would qualify; yet none of them, strictly speaking, is a novel. In addition to its narrative, a novel should picture live men and women in their natural environment. It should emphasise character and the relations of one to another in the story, rather than mere incident. But incidents of some sort there must be. Otherwise the piece of writing would be an essay or a character sketch. The characters must be seen moving about, doing things, talking to one another, living their lives. This series of incidents forms the plot of the novel, which must have some unity of idea and lead to a plausible outcome. The plot may be carefully and closely constructed , so that each episode fits into a pattern; or it may be loosely constructed from occurrences following one another without seeming design, as they do in our lives.
In summary, a novel is the extended group of individualized characters, who are made to come alive in a normal background and whose personalities interact with one another toward a specific outcome. The ultimate test of a true novel is in its character drawing. A great novelist needs a rare and mature understanding of human character and motive

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY CONDITIONS FAVOURABLE TO THE NOVEL
It is interesting to consider why the novel as a type sprang into prominence in the middle of the 18th century rather than earlier. It could not have become a popular form until:
the ability to read and write had become fairly common;
the printing of long books had become comparatively inexpensive
the middle classes had acquired a certain amount of leisure
people had become interested in ordinary domestic affairs
growing ideas of “equality” had focused the attention on the value of a human being, independent of his class or occupation.
All these conditions were present in the 18th century.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
Wars with France: - from 1689 to 1815, Louis the 14th and William 3rd
Trade was one cause of the wars; another – the competition between England and France concerning their colonies in North America. France – in Canada and Louisiana
The rise of the political parties: the Tories and the Whigs. The Tories stood for personal loyalty to the royal family and the conservative ideas of the country nobility. The Whigs were the aristocratic and merchant classes of the city, eager to extend the powers of the Parliament and to advance commerce, education and liberal ideas
England expands under George 3rd’s reign. - it was the age of many wars, the American and French Revolution. The Rise and fall of Napoleon. For England it was a period of remarkable expansion: she gained Canada from the French, the colonies along the Atlantic coast, several West Indian islands, trading posts on the West African coast, Florida from the Spanish, the British rule in India , Captain Cook reached New Zealand and Australia.
A century of progress and invention:
- great development of trade;
better roads, canal helped the exchange of goods;
‘The age of Inventions’ – many advances in farming and industrial methods.
The drill of Jethro Tull improved the method of sowing seeds.
The threshing machine was invented in 1732(вършачка);
A pumping machine for the mines;
The spinning jenny(предачна машина) and the frame(усъвършенствувана предачна машина)
James Watt’s steam engine

GULLIVER'S TRAVELS - excerpts

GULLIVER'S TRAVELS
BOOK I CHAPTER 3 : Diversions
I was diverted with none so much as that of the Rope-Dancers, performed upon a slender white Thread, extended about two Foot and twelve Inches from the Ground. Upon which I shall desire liberty, with the Reader's Patience, to enlarge a little.
This Diversion is only practiced by those Persons who are Candidates for great Employments, and high Favour, at Court. They are trained in this Art from their Youth, and are not always of noble Birth, or liberal Education. When a great Office is vacant either by Death or disgrace (which often happens) five or six of those Candidates petition the Emperor to entertain his Majesty and the Court with a Dance on the Rope, and whoever jumps the highest without falling, succeeds in the Office. Very often the Chief Ministers themselves are commanded to show their Skill, and to convince the Emperor that they have not lost their Faculty. Flimnap, the Treasurer, is allowed to cut a Caper on the strait Rope, at least an Inch higher than any other Lord in the whole Empire. I have seen him do the Summerset several times together upon a Trencher fixed on the Rope, which is no thicker than a common packthread in England. My friend Reldresal, principal Secretary for private Affairs, is, in my Opinion, if I am not partial, the second after the Treasurer; the rest of the great Officers are much upon a par.
These Diversions are often attended with fatal Accidents, whereof great Numbers are on Record. I my self have seen two or three Candidates break a Limb. But the Danger is much greater when the Ministers themselves are commanded to shew their Dexterity; for by contending to excel themselves and their Fellows, they strain so far, that there is hardly one of them who has not received a Fall, and some of them two or three. I was assured that a Year or two before my Arrival, Flimnap would have infallibly broken his Neck, if one of the King's Cushions, that accidentally lay on the Ground, had not weakened the Force of his Fall.
There is likewise another Diversion, which is only shewn before the Emperor and Empress, and first Minister, upon particular Occasions. The Emperor lays on the Table three fine silken Threads of six Inches long. One is Blue, the other Red, and the third Green *. These Threads are proposed as Prizes for those Persons whom the Emperor has a mind to distinguish by a peculiar Mark of his Favor. The Ceremony is performed in his Majesty's great Chamber of State, where the Candidates are to undergo a Tryal of Dexterity very different from the former, and such as I have not observed the least Resemblance of in any other Country of the old or the new World. The Emperor holds a Stick in his Hands, both ends parallel to the Horizon, while the Candidates, advancing one by one, sometimes leap over the Stick, sometimes creep under it backwards and forwards several times, according as the Stick is advanced or depressed. Sometimes the Emperor holds one end of the Stick, and his first Minister the other; sometimes the Minister has it entirely to himself. Whoever performs his Part with most Agility, and holds out the longest in leaping and creeping, is rewarded with the Blue-colored Silk; the Red is given to the next, and the Green to the third, which they all wear girt twice round about the middle; and you see few great Persons about this Court who are not adorned with one of these Girdles.

GLOSSARY: summerset = somersault = summersault = премятане през глава, салтомортале
trencher — дъска /за хляб/; копаня /ост./
packthread — връв, канап
be on a par with — равен на, сравним със, на равна нога със
dexterity — сръчност, ловкост
dexterous — сръчен, ловък
agility — подвижност, бързина, ловкост
agile — подвижен, жив, ловък
girt = p.t of gird — опасвам, препасвам
girdle — пояс, препаска
contend — състезавам се
adorn - украсявам


BOOK I CHAPTER IV
our Histories of six thousand Moons make no mention of any other Regions, than the two great Empires of Lilliput and Blefuscu. Which two mighty Powers have, as I was going to tell you, been engaged in a most obstinate War for six and thirty Moons past. It began upon the following Occasion. It is allowed on all Hands, that the primitive way of breaking Eggs, before we eat them, was upon the larger End: But his present Majesty's Grand-father, while he was a Boy, going to eat an Egg, and breaking it according to the ancient Practice, happened to cut one of his Fingers. Whereupon the Emperor his Father published an Edict, commanding all his Subjects, upon great Penaltys, to break the smaller End of their Eggs. The People so highly resented this Law, that our Histories tell us there have been six Rebellions raised on that account; wherein one Emperor lost his Life, and another his Crown. These civil Commotions were constantly fomented by the Monarchs of Blefuscu; and when they were quelled, the Exiles always fled for Refuge to that Empire. It is computed, that eleven thousand Persons have, at several times, suffered Death, rather than submit to break their Eggs at the smaller End. Many hundred large Volumes have been published upon this Controversy,
GLOSSARY: obstinate -= stubborn — упорит, инат
on all hands/on every hand — от всички страни
edict — едикт, указ
resent = hate
on that account — поради тази причина
commotion — безредици, размирици, бунт; смут, вълнение
to foment — подбуждам, подстрекавам, подклаждам /към бунт, безредици/
to quell — потушавам, смазвам /бунт, въстание и пр./
exile — изгнаник, в изгнание
compute - изчислявам

BOOK II CHAPTER 6
He was perfectly astonished with the historical Account I gave him of our Affairs during the last Century, protesting it was only a Heap of Conspiracies, Rebellions, Murders, Massacres, Revolutions, Banishments, the very worst Effects that Avarice, Faction, Hypocrisy, Perfidiousness, Cruelty, Rage, Madness, Hatred, Envy, Lust, Malice, or Ambition could produce.
My little Friend Grildrig, you have made a most admirable Panegyric upon your Country: You have clearly proved that Ignorance, Idleness, and Vice may be sometimes the only Ingredients for qualifying a Legislator: That Laws are best explained, interpreted, and applied by those whose Interest and Abilities lie in perverting, confounding, and eluding them. I observe among you some Lines of an Institution, which in its Original might have been tolerable, but these half erazed, and the rest wholly blurred and blotted by Corruptions. It doth not appear from all you have said, how any one Virtue is required towards the Procurement of any one Station among you, much less that Men are ennobled on Account of their Virtue, that Priests are advanced for their Piety or Learning, Soldiers for their Conduct or Valour, Judges for their Integrity, Senators for the Love of their Country, or Counsellors for their Wisdom. As for yourself, (continued the King,) who have spent the greatest Part of your Life in Travelling, I am well disposed to hope you may hitherto have escaped many Vices of your Country. But by what I have gathered from your own Relation, and the Answers I have with much Pain wringed and extorted from you, I cannot but conclude the Bulk of your Natives to be the most pernicious Race of little odious Vermin that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon the Surface of the Earth.
GLOSSARY: avarice — скъперничество, алчност, сребролюбие
avaricious
perfidious — коварен, вероломен, предателски
perfidy — коварство, вероломство, измама
panegyric — панегирик, славословие, възхвала
confound — обърквам, разстройвам/планове/
blur — зацапвам
blot — петня, очерням, опетнявам
valour — храброст, доблест
valiant — храбър, безстрашен
integrity - 1.честност, почтеност; 2.цялостност
piety — набожност, благочестивост; pious — благочестив, набожен
wring - изтръгвам
extort - изтръгвам
pernicious — гибелен, зловреден; pernicious anemia — злокачествена анемия
vermin — вредни насекоми; сган, паплач

BOOK III Chapter V
The first Man I saw was of a meager Aspect, with sooty Hands and Face, his Hair and Beard long, ragged and singed in several Places. His Cloathes, Shirt, and Skin were all of the same Colour. He had been Eight Years upon a Project for extracting Sun-Beams out of Cucumbers, which were to be put into Vials hermetically sealed, and let out to warm the Air in raw inclement Summers.
I went into another Chamber, but was ready to hasten back, being almost overcome with a horrible Stink. The Projector of this Cell was the most ancient Student of the Academy. His Employment from his first coming into the Academy, was an Operation to reduce human Excrement to its original Food,
I saw another at work to calcine Ice into Gunpowder; who likewise shewed me a Treatise he had written concerning the Malleability of Fire, which he intended to publish.
There was a most ingenious Architect who had contrived a new Method for building Houses, by beginning at the Roof, and working downwards to the Foundation; which he justified to me by the like Practice of those two prudent Insects, the Bee and the Spider.
There was a Man born blind, who had several Apprentices in his own Condition: Their Employment was to mix Colours for Painters, which their Master taught them to distinguish by feeling and smelling. It was indeed my Misfortune to find them at that Time not very perfect in their Lessons; and the Professor himself happened to be generally mistaken: This Artist is much encouraged and esteemed by the whole Fraternity.
In another Apartment I was highly pleased with a Projector, who had found a Device of plowing the Ground with Hogs, to save the Charges of Plows, Cattle, and Labour. The Method in this: In an Acre of Ground you bury at six Inches Distance, and eight deep, a Quantity of Acorns, Dates, Chestnuts, and other Maste or Vegetables whereof these Animals are fondest; then you drive six Hundred or more of them into the Field, where in a few Days they will root up the whole Ground in search of their Food, and make it fit for sowing, at the same time manuring it with their Dung. It is true, upon Experiment they found the Charge and Trouble very great, and they had little or no Crop. However, it is not doubted that this Invention may be capable of great Improvement.
I went into another Room, where the Walls and Ceiling were all hung round with Cobwebs, except a narrow passage for the Artist to go in and out. At my Entrance he called aloud to me not to disturb his Webs. He lamented the fatal Mistake the World had been so long in of using Silk-Worms, while we had such plenty of domestick Insects, who infinitely excelled the Former, because they understood how to weave as well as spin. And he proposed farther, that by employing Spiders, the Charge of dying Silks should be wholly saved; whereof I was fully convinced when he shewed me a vast Number of Flies most beautifully coloured, wherewith he fed his Spiders; assuring us, that the Webs would take a Tincture from them; and as he had them of all Hues, he hoped to fit every Body's Fancy, as soon as he could find proper Food for the Flies, of certain Gums, Oyls, and other glutinous Matter to give a Strength and Consistence to the Threads.
There was an Astronomer who had undertaken to place a Sun-Dial upon the great Weather-Cock on the Town-House, by adjusting the annual and diurnal Motions of the Earth and Sun, so as to answer and coincide with all accidental Turnings of the Wind.

I had hitherto seen only one side of the Academy, the other being appropriated to the Advancers of speculative Learning, of which I shall say something when I have Mentioned one illustrious Person more, who is called among them the universal Artist. He told us he had been thirty Years employing his Thoughts for the Improvement of human Life. He had two large Rooms full of wonderful Curiosities, and fifty Men at work. Some were condensing Air into a dry tangible Substance, by extracting the Nitre, and letting the Aqueous or fluid Particles percolate; others softening Marble for Pillows and Pincushions; others petrifying the Hoofs of a living Horse to preserve them from foundring. The Artist himself was at that time busy upon two great Designs; the first, to sow Land with Chaff, wherein he affirmed the true seminal Virtue to be contained, as he Demonstrated by several Experiments which I was not skilful enough to comprehend. The other was, by a certain Composition of Gums, Minerals, and Vegetables outwardly applied, to prevent the Growth of Wool upon two young Lambs; and he hoped in a reasonable Time to propagate the Breed of naked Sheep all over the Kingdom.
We crossed a Walk to the other Part of the Academy, where, as I have already said, the Projectors in speculative Learning resided.
We next went to the School of Languages, where three Professors sate in Consultation upon improving that of their own country.
The first Project was to shorten Discourse by cutting Polysyllables into one, and leaving out Verbs and Participles, because in reality all things imaginable are but Nouns.
The other, was a Scheme for entirely abolishing all Words whatsoever; and this was urged as a great Advantage in Point of Health as well as Brevity. For it is plain, that every Word we speak is in some Degree a Diminution of our Lungs by Corrosion, and consequently contributes to the shortning of our Lives. An Expedient was therefore offered, that since Words are only Names for Things, it would be more convenient for all Men to carry about them, such Things as were necessary to express the particular Business they are to discourse on. And this Invention would certainly have taken Place, to the great Ease as well as Health of the Subject, if the Women in conjunction with the Vulgar and Illiterate had not threatned to raise a Rebellion, unless they might be allowed the Liberty to speak with their Tongues, after the manner of their Ancestors; such constant irreconcilable Enemies to Science are the common People. However, many of the most Learned and Wise adhere to the New Scheme of expressing themselves by Things, which hath only this Inconvenience attending it, that if a Man's Business be very great, and of various kinds, he must be obliged in Proportion to carry a greater bundle of Things upon his Back, unless he can afford one or two strong Servants to attend him.
I was at the Mathematical School, where the Master taught his Pupils after a Method scarce imaginable to us in Europe. The Proposition and Demonstration were fairly written on a thin Wafer, with ink composed of a Cephalick Tincture. This the Student was to swallow upon a fasting Stomach, and for three Days following eat nothing but Bread and Water. As the Wafer digested, the Tincture mounted to his Brain, bearing the Proposition along with it. But the Success hath not hitherto been answerable, partly by some Error in the Quantum or Composition, and partly by the Perverseness of Lads, to whom this Bolus is so nauseous, that they generally steal aside, and discharge it upwards before it can operate, neither have they been yet persuaded to use so long an Abstinence as the Prescription required.
GLOSSARY: singed - опърлен
vial — мускал, фиала /стъклен съд за парфюми и др./
inclement - суров, студен; ост. безжалостен
calcine — калцинирам, изпичам, обезводнявам
malleable — ковък; отстъпчив, мек, податлив
malleability ковкост
acorn - жълъд
mast — жълъди и др. /като храна за свине/
manure — тор; наторявам
dung - животински /оборски/ тор; животински изпражнения
gum — клей, смола
glutinous -лепкав
to appropriate — предназначавам,
appropriated — предназначен, отделен
illustrious — знатен, виден
founder — окуцявам /за кон/
contrive — измислям, изобретявам
prudent - благоразумен
lament — оплаквам /се/
diurnal - дневен
tangible - осезаем
petrify — вкаменявам /се/, изумявам,
chaff - плява; to separate the wheat from the chaff — отделям зърното от плявата
propagate — плодя се, размножавам, въдя/се/
reside – live, inhabit
whatsoever каквото и да е
diminution изтъняване; намаляване
corrosion - разлагане
in conjunction with — заедно със, съвместно със
irreconcilable непримирим
adhere to – придържам се към
bundle – бала, вързоп,
proposition теорема, задача
demonstration доказателство
wafer – цветно кръгче, което се слага вместо
печат върху документ;лепенка; вафла; нафора
cephalic tincture – тинктура против главоболие
fast - постя
hitherto – до тук, до момента
composition – състав, набор/печатарски/
bolus – голяма таблетка
nausea – гадене, повдигане, повръщане
nauseous – гаден, от който ти се повръща
nauseate – гади ми се, повръща ми се
discharge - изхвърлям
abstinence – въздържане, пост


BOOK IV CHAPTER VII
Let me deal so candidly with the Reader, as to confess, that there was yet a much stronger Motive for the Freedom I took in my Representation of Things. I had not been a Year in this Country, before I contracted such a Love and Veneration for the Inhabitants, that I entered on a firm Resolution, never to return to human Kind, but to pass the rest of my Life among these admirable Houyhnhnms in the Contemplation and Practice of every Virtue; where I could have no Example or Incitement to Vice.
He said the Yahoos were known to hate one another more than they did any different Species of Animals; and the Reason usually assigned, was the Odiousness of their own Shapes, which all could see in the rest, but not in themselves. He had therefore begun to think it not unwise in us to cover our Bodies, and by that Invention, conceal many of our own Deformities from each other, which would else be hardly supportable. But, he now found he had been mistaken, and that the Dissensions of those Brutes in his Country were owing to the same Cause with ours, as I had described them. For, if (said he) you throw among Five Yahoos as much Food as would be sufficient for Fifty, they will, instead of eating peaceably, fall together by the Ears, each single one impatient to have all to itself; and therefore a Servant was usually employed to stand by while they were feeding abroad, and those kept at home were tied at a Distance from each other: that if a Cow died of Age or Accident, before a Houyhnhnm could secure it for his own Yahoos, those in the Neighbourhood would come in Herds to seize it, and then would ensue such a Battle as I had described, with terrible Wounds made by their Claws on both Sides, although they seldom were able to kill one another, for want of such convenient Instruments of Death as we had invented. At other times the like Battles have been fought between the Yahoos of several Neighbourhoods without any visible Cause: Those of one District watching all Opportunities to surprize the next before they are prepared. But if they find their Project hath miscarried, they return home, and for want of Enemies, engage in what I call a Civil War among themselves.
That in some Fields of his Country there are certain shining Stones of several Colours, whereof the Yahoos are violently fond, and when part of these Stones is fixed in the Earth, as it sometimes happeneth, they will dig with their Claws for whole Days to get them out, then carry them away, and hide them by Heaps in their Kennels; but still looking round with great Caution, for Fear their Comrades should find out their Treasure. My Master said, he could never discover the Reason of this unnatural Appetite, or how these Stones could be of any Use to a Yahoo; but now he believed it might proceed from the same Principle of Avarice which I had ascribed to Mankind: that he had once, by way of Experiment, privately removed a Heap of these Stones from the Place where one of his Yahoos had buried it: Whereupon, the sordid Animal missing his Treasure, by his loud lamenting brought the whole Herd to the Place, there miserably howled, then fell to biting and tearing the rest, began to pine away, would neither eat, nor sleep, nor work, till he ordered a Servant privately to convey the Stones into the same Hole, and hide them as before; which when his Yahoo had found, he presently recovered his Spirits and good Humour, but took good Care to remove them to a better hiding-place, and hath ever since been a very serviceable Brute.
My Master farther assured me, which I also observed myself, that in the Fields where the shining Stones abound, the fiercest and most frequent Battles are fought, occasioned by perpetual inroads of the neighbouring Yahoos.
My Master, continuing his Discourse, said, There was nothing that rendered the Yahoos more odious, than their undistinguishing Appetite to devour every Thing that came in their way, whether Herbs, Roots, Berries, the corrupted Flesh of Animals, or all mingled together: And it was peculiar in their Temper, that they were fonder of what they could get by Rapine or Stealth at a greater Distance, than much better Food provided for them at home. If their Prey held out, they would eat till they were ready to burst, after which Nature had pointed out to them a certain Root that gave them a general Evacuation.
There was also another kind of Root very juicy, but somewhat rare and difficult to be found, which the Yahoos sought for with much Eagerness, and would suck it with great Delight; and it produced in them the same Effects that Wine hath upon us. It would make them sometimes hug, sometimes tear one another, they would howl and grin, and chatter, and tumble, and then fall asleep in the Dirt.

As to Learning, Government, Arts, Manufactures, and the like, my Master confessed he could find little or no Resemblance between the Yahoos of that Country and those in ours. For, he only meant to observe what Parity there was in our Natures. He had heard indeed some curious Houyhnhnms observe, that in most Herds there was a sort of ruling Yahoo (as among us there is generally some leading or principal Stag in a park), who was always more deformed in Body and mischievous in Disposition, than any of the rest. That this Leader had usually a Favourite as like himself as he could get, whose Employment was to lick his Master's Feet and Posteriors, and drive the Female Yahoos to his Kennel; for which he was now and then rewarded with a piece of Ass's Flesh. This Favourite is hated by the whole Herd, and therefore to protect himself, keeps always near the Person of his Leader. He usually continues in Office till worse can be found; but the very Moment he is discarded, his Successor at the Head of all the Yahoos in that District, Young and Old, Male and Female, come in a Body, and discharge their Excrements upon him from Head to Foot. But how far this might be applicable to our Courts and Favourites, and Ministers of State, my Master said I could best determine.

My Master told me, there were some Qualities remarkable in the Yahoos, which he had not observed me to mention, or at least very slightly, in the Accounts I had given him of human kind; he said, Those Animals, like other Brutes, had their Females in common; but in this they differed, that the She-Yahoo would admit the Male, while she was pregnant; and that the Hees would quarrel and fight with Females as fiercely as with each other. Both which Practices were such Degrees of Brutality, that no other sensitive Creature ever arrived at.
Another thing he wondered at in the Yahoos, was their strange Disposition to Nastiness and Dirt, whereas there appears to be a natural Love of Cleanliness in all other Animals. their filthy way of feeding, and their Custom of wallowing and sleeping in the Mud.

GLOSSARY:
candid – честен, откровен
to contract - придобивам
veneration – почит, уважение
contemplation – размишление, съзерцание
incitement - подтик
assign - приписвам
odious – противен, отвратителен, омразен
dissension – разногласие, кавга, спор
brute – звяр
abroad – навън, outside
ensue = follow
for want of = for the lack of
miscarry = fail; abort
miscarriage – помятане
kennel -кучешка колибка; дупка, бърлога, леговище на животно;
caution - предпазливост
comrade - другар
ascribe to – приписвам на
sordid - мръсен, жалък, низък
lament - оплаквам се, жалея
howl - вия
pine away – крея, линея
abound - изобилствам
abundance - изобилие
to occasion – to cause
inroad – набег, нашествие
discourse - conversation
render sth/sb + adj – make sb + adj
devour – eat greedily
corrupted flesh – развалено месо
rapine грабеж, обир, плячкосване
stealth – прокрадване, тъмна сделка
evacuation - физиол. изпразване, очистване (на черва, стомах);grin хиля се
tumble – катурвам се, премятам се
and the like – и други подобни
parity – еднаквост
disposition – нрав, характер, разположение
posteriors – задни части, задник
in office – position
discard – dismiss уволнявам
come in a body идват вкупом
to discharge изпускам, отделям
applicable to – приложим към
account – описание, разказ
cleanliness - чистота
wallow валям се, въргалям се


BOOK IV CHAPTER VIII
As these Noble Houyhnhnms are endowed by Nature with a general Disposition to all Virtues, and have no Conceptions or Ideas of what is Evil in a rational Creature, so their grand Maxim is, to cultivate Reason, and to be wholly governed by it. Neither is Reason among them a Point problematical as with us, where Men can argue with Plausibility on both sides of the Question; but strikes you with immediate Conviction; as it must needs do where it is not mingled, obscured, or discoloured by Passion and Interest. I remember it was with extreme Difficulty that I could bring my Master to understand the Meaning of the Word Opinion, or how a Point could be disputable;
Friendship and Benevolence are the two principal Virtues among the Houyhnhnms, and these not confined to particular Objects, but universal to the whole Race. For a Stranger from the remotest Part is equally treated with the nearest Neighbour, and wherever he goes, looks upon himself as at home. They preserve Decency and Civility in the highest Degrees,

In their Marriages they are exactly careful to choose such Colours as will not make any disagreeable Mixture in the Breed. Strength is chiefly valued in the Male, and Comeliness in the Female, not upon the account of Love, but to preserve the Race from degenerating; for where a Female happens to excel in Strength, a Consort is chosen with regard to Comeliness. Courtship, Love, Presents, Joyntures, Settlements, have no place in their Thoughts, or Terms whereby to express them in their Language. The young Couple meet and are joyned, merely because it is the Determination of their Parents and Friends: It is what they see done every Day, and they look upon it as one of the necessary Actions of a Rational Being. But the Violation of Marriage, or any other Unchastity, was never heard of: And the married Pair pass their Lives with the same Friendship, and mutual Benevolence that they bear to all others of the same Species, who come in their way; without Jealousy, Fondness, Quarrelling, or Disconten
Temperance, Industry, Exercise and Cleanliness, are the Lessons equally enjoyned to the young ones of both Sexes: And my Master thought it monstrous in us to give the Females a different kind of Education from the Males, except in some Articles of Domestick Management; whereby, as he truly observed, one half of our Natives were good for nothing but bringing Children into the World: And to trust the Care of our Children to such useless Animals, he said, was yet a greater Instance of Brutality.

GLOSSARY:
endow - дарявам
plausibility - правдоподобност
immediate conviction- непосредствена убедителност
mingle – смесвам
obscure неясен, объркан, неразбираем,
benevolence - доброжелателство, благосклонност; доброта, милосърдие; благоволение;
confined to = limited to
decency – скромност
civility- учтивост, вежливост
comeliness – хубост, миловидност
on the account of – because of
consort – съпруг /особено в кралско семейство/
jointure имущество (наследство) на съпруга (вдовица);
settlement сигуряване на владение върху имуществото от (бъдеща) съпруга
violation of marriage
chastity – целомъдрие,
discontent - недоволство
temperance – трезвеност, умереност
industry – усърдие, прилежание
whereby съгласно което, при което
brutality – жестокост, грубост